Revisiting Behavioral Routinization in Democracy through Violence against Women
Revisiting Behavioural Routinisation in Democracy through Violence against Women
(Cases in Asia and Europe)
escrito por Dini Harmita
Borgault, Peterman, and O’Donnel (2021) analysed 100 papers to understand the violence against women because of COVID-19 pandemic. Though the context is often used as inevitable variable, it is worth checking because the vulnerable tends to be more fragile during the outbreak. From 15 papers related to the violence as the impact of COVID-19, only three of them stated that there are no changes and it is mixed in the effects. The rests 13 said the violence is increased. Interestingly, at least five papers among those examined countries five have Islam as the main religion of their countries. Nonetheless, the rests also have other religions as their background. Therefore, the violence is there regardless any religion or belief is being dominant in the country.
Aolymat (2021) studied violences in Jordan by referring to classification of domestic violence triggers mentioned by Sacco et al (2020). The triggers tend to be related with stress and emotional disruption as internal problems, and pandemics, alcohol, and abusive behaviours as external issues. Those internal and external elements are intercorrelated. The abuse is also varied in the forms of physical, sexual, psychological, economic, and or stalking behaviours.
The physical abuse is institutionalised in the forms of beatings, torture, and murder. Sexual vituperative is represented with unwanted intercourse, harassment, and sexual jokes. Psychological maligning comprises manipulation, threats, humiliations, and intimidations. Economic obliquitous includes obsessive control of finances and money subtraction. Stalking contumelious is described as persecution, obsessive control of phone calls or messages. With such classification anyone who is abused would be able to take legal actions toward any crime, nonetheless de facto most of the victims could not [especialmente females].
Mengliang, Yiwei, and Rongxu (2021) specifically mentioned that China is different because of their political spectrum. Marcks and Pawlz (2022) discussed the relationship between far rights with the violence against women as the part of myth or invisible work. Though the evidences tend to be hidden, the pains of the victims are there; including from suicidal thoughts until the suicidal action itself.
Physically, Vladimir Putin of Russia had killed many only to win elections. Most of his undeniable victims tend to be males; nonetheless, not few females are used by him to get what he wants especially through cyberattacks.
From the recent October 7 massacre in Israel, it is also acknowledged that the females became the victims of terrorism. The children as part of the vulnerables are also part of the conflict victims including the very recent Golan attack. Those seem right for the aggressors. Therefore, we encourage researchers to study and understand why the far rights tend to legitimise violence against women regardless the religions and beliefs by also taking cases in Asia and Europe. Learning from the cases in Asia and Europe based on the ongoing conflicts such as Ukraine - Russia and Israel - Palestine will widen our perspectives in understanding the far-right networks including terrorism that involved violences against women.
Given that the sarcastic behaviors of the far rights are also individual driven, the hypothesis tends to be more psychologically. Nonetheless, the behavioral routinization explained in theories of institutionalization including Party Institutionalization (PI) and Party System Institutionalization (PSI) is proven to have influences on.
So far in psychology itself no formal definition of the term ‘behavioural routinisation’ itself. Harmita (2022) tried to understand it for explaining the interactions between elements in a body of individuals every day and certain time -be it longer or shorter- as part of PI and PSI in democracy; also Casal Bértoa (2022) in discussing party politics in micro states. Ufen (2020) used it earlier to discuss political regime cohesiveness in Malaysia. He proves one more time that the authoritarian leaders tend to count on elections. The rootedness tends to be correlated with the ideologies. It could be explained by the linkages between the candidates and voters, supporters, and larger entities including civil society groups.
Nonetheless, the author believes that somehow the rootedness is the foundation of the behavioral routinization. It explains why we tend to have different routines every morning, day, and night, for example. The systemness on the other hands is the macro part of the individual micro behavior and the routinization as the messo part.
One of the behavioral routinizations performed by those who support the far rights and authoritarianism is Indonesian internet and physical stalking. It is also done by Russian regime including Kazakhstan. As mentioned by Akhmedshina (2020) that more than 50% women in Indonesia are abused by internet. Which means, Indonesian internet supports international scamming network, illegal fintech, and terrorism including 9/11, Hamas and Houthi attacks. That means, Kazakhstan, Russian, Afghanistan, Iran and their allies are also stalking people who are in favor of democracy like me in Indonesia, not only the far rights Indonesian themselves.
